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AV CASTILE, Alfonso VII

Mann 1105 - 1157  (52 år)


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  • Navn AV CASTILE, Alfonso VII 
    Født 1 Mar 1105 
    Kjønn Mann 
    Død 21 Aug 1157 
    Person ID I14589  Geelmuyden_etc
    Sist endret 27 Okt 2013 

    Far AV BURGUND, Raymond,   f. Ca 1070,   d. 24 Mai 1107  (Alder 37 år) 
    Mor AV LEÒN OG CASTILE, Urraca,   f. Apr 1079, Burgos Find all individuals with events at this location,   d. 8 Mar 1126, Saldana på Rio Carrion i Tierra de Campos Find all individuals with events at this location  (Alder 46 år) 
    Famile ID F13752  Gruppeskjema  |  Familiediagram

    Familie AV BARCELONA, Berenguela,   f. 1116,   d. 15 Jan 1149  (Alder 33 år) 
    Gift Nov 1128 
    Barn 
     1. AV CASTILE, Sancho III,   f. 1134, Toledo Find all individuals with events at this location,   d. 31 Aug 1158, Toledo Find all individuals with events at this location  (Alder 24 år)
    Sist endret 27 Okt 2013 
    Famile ID F13751  Gruppeskjema  |  Familiediagram

  • Notater 
    • Alfonso VII of León and Castile
      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
      (Redirected from Alfonso VII of Castile)
      Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013)
      Alfonso VII
      Emperor of All Spain
      King of Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia), León, Castile and Galicia

      Reign 1126–1157
      Coronation 1135 in the Cathedral of León
      Predecessor Urraca
      Successor Sancho III (Castile)
      Ferdinand II (León)
      Spouse Berenguela of Barcelona
      Richeza of Poland
      among others...
      Issue
      Sancho III of Castile
      Ferdinand II of León
      Constance, Queen of France
      Sancha, Queen of Navarre
      Sancha, Queen of Aragon
      Urraca, Queen of Navarre (illegitimate)
      Stephanie Alfonso (illegitimate)
      House House of Burgundy
      Father Raymond of Burgundy
      Mother Urraca of León and Castile
      Born 1 March 1105
      Caldas de Reis
      Died 21 August 1157 (aged 52)
      Sierra Morena
      Burial Cathedral of Toledo
      Religion Roman Catholicism


      Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), born Alfonso Raimúndez, called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111[1] and King of León and Castile in 1126. Alfonso first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once his mother vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Alfonso later held another investiture in 1135 in a grand ceremony reasserting his claims to the Imperial title. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy, the first of the House of Burgundy to rule in the Iberian peninsula.

      Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler. He also sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice, though his attempts to rule over both Christian and Muslim populations was even less successful. His hegemonic intentions never saw fruition, however. During his tenure, Portugal became de facto independent, in 1128, and was recognized as de jure independent, in 1143. He was a patron of poets, including, probably, the troubadour Marcabru.Contents [hide]
      1 Succession to three kingdoms
      2 Imperial rule
      2.1 War against Al-Andalus
      3 Legacy
      4 Family
      5 Ancestry
      6 Notes
      7 References
      8 External links

      Succession to three kingdoms[edit]

      In 1111, Diego Gelmírez, Bishop of Compostela and the count of Traba, crowned and anointed[2] Alfonso King of Galicia in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.[3] He was but a child at the time, but his mother had already (1109) succeeded to the united throne of León-Castile-Galicia and desired to assure her son's prospects and groom him for his eventual succession. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. On 10 March 1126, after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery of the Kingdom of Castile, which was then under the domination of Alfonso the Battler. By the Peace of Támara of 1127, the Battler recognised Alfonso VII of Castile. The territory in the far east of his dominion, however, had gained much independence during the rule of his mother and experienced many rebellions. After his recognition in Castile, Alfonso fought to curb the autonomy of the local barons.

      When Alfonso the Battler, King of Navarre and Aragón, died without descendants in 1134, he willed his kingdom to the military orders. The aristocracy of both kingdoms did not accept this and García Ramírez, Count of Monzón was elected in Navarre while Alfonso pretended to the throne of Aragón. The nobles chose another candidate in the dead king's brother, Ramiro II. Alfonso responded by occupying La Rioja, conquering Zaragoza, and governing both realms in unison. From this point, the arms of Zaragoza began to appear in those of León.

      In several skirmishes, he defeated the joint Navarro-Aragonese army and put the kingdoms to vassalage. He had the strong support of the lords north of the Pyrenees, who held lands as far as the River Rhône. In the end, however, the combined forces of the Navarre and Aragón were too much for his control. At this time, he helped Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, in his wars with the other Catalan counties to unite the old Marca Hispanica.
      Imperial rule[edit]

      Alfonso as Emperor, from a Privilegium Imperatoris issued by him.

      A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held León. Sancho the Great considered the city the imperiale culmen and minted coins with the inscription Imperator totius Hispaniae after being crowned in it. Such a sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigothic kings, who had been themselves the representatives of the Roman Empire. But though appearing in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of León and Alfonso the Battler, the title had been little more than a flourish of rhetoric.

      In 1135, Alfonso was crowned "Emperor of Spain" in the Cathedral of León.[4] By this, he probably wished to assert his authority over the entire peninsula and his absolute leadership of the Reconquista. He appears to have striven for the formation of a national unity which Spain had never possessed since the fall of the Visigothic kingdom. The elements he had to deal with could not be welded together. The weakness of Aragon enabled him to make his superiority effective. After Afonso I of Portugal recognised him as liege in 1137, Alfonso VII lost the tournament at Arcos de Valdevez in 1141 thereby affirming Portugal's independence.[5] In 1143, he himself recognised this status quo and consented to the marriage of Petronila of Aragon with Ramon Berenguer IV, a union which combined Aragon and Catalonia into the Crown of Aragon.
      War against Al-Andalus[edit]

      Alfonso was a pious prince. He introduced the Cistercians to Iberia by founding a monastery at Fitero. He adopted a militant attitude towards the Moors of Al-Andalus, especially the Almoravids. From 1138, when he besieged Coria, Alfonso led a series of crusades subjugating the Almoravids. After a seven-month siege, he took the fortress of Oreja near Toledo and, as the Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris tells it:“ . . . early in the morning the castle was surrendered and the towers were filled with Christian knights, and the royal standards were raised above a high tower. Those who held the standards shouted out loud and proclaimed "Long live Alfonso, emperor of León and Toledo!" ”


      In 1142, Alfonso besieged Coria a second time and took it. In 1144, he advanced as far as Córdoba. Two years later, the Almohads invaded and he was forced to refortify his southern frontier and come to an agreement with the Almoravid Ibn Ganiya for their mutual defence. When Pope Eugene III preached the Second Crusade, Alfonso VII, with García Ramírez of Navarre and Ramon Berenguer IV, led a mixed army of Catalans and Franks, with a Genoese–Pisan navy, in a crusade against the rich port city of Almería, which was occupied in October 1147. A third of the city was granted to Genoa and subsequently leased out to Otto de Bonvillano, a Genoese citizen. It was Castile's first Mediterranean seaport.[6] In 1151, Alfonso signed the Treaty of Tudilén with Ramon Berenguer. The treaty defined the zones of conquest in Andalusia in order to prevent the two rulers from coming into conflict. Six years later, Almería entered into Almohad possession. Alfonso was returning from an expedition against them when he died in pass of Muradel in the Sierra Morena, possibly at Viso del Marqués (Ciudad Real).[7]
      Legacy[edit]

      Alfonso was at once a patron of the church and a protector, though not a supporter of, the Muslims, who were a minority of his subjects. His reign ended in an unsuccessful campaign against the rising power of the Almohads. Though he was not actually defeated, his death in the pass, while on his way back to Toledo, occurred in circumstances which showed that no man could be what he claimed to be — "king of the men of the two religions." Furthermore, by dividing his realm between his sons, he ensured that Christendom would not present the new Almohad threat with a united front.
      Family[edit]

      In November 1128, he married Berenguela,[8] daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona. She died in 1149. Their children were:
      Sancho III of Castile (1134–1158)
      Ramon, living 1136, died in infancy
      Ferdinand II of León (1137–1188)
      Constance (c.1138–1160), married Louis VII of France
      Sancha (c.1139–1179), married Sancho VI of Navarre
      García (c.1142-1145/6)
      Alfonso (c.1144-by 1149)

      In 1152, Alfonso married Richeza of Poland, the daughter of Ladislaus II the Exile.[9] They had:
      Ferdinand, (1153–1157)
      Sancha (1155–1208), the wife of Alfonso II of Aragón.

      Alfonso also had two mistresses, having children by both. By an Asturian noblewoman named Guntroda Pérez, he had an illegitimate daughter, Urraca (1132–1164), who married García Ramírez of Navarre, the mother retiring to a convent in 1133.[10] Later in his reign, he formed a liaison with Urraca Fernández, widow of count Rodrigo Martínez and daughter of Fernando Garcés de Hita, an apparent grandson of García Sánchez III of Navarre, having a daughter Stephanie the Unfortunate (1148–1180), who was killed by her jealous husband, Fernán Ruiz de Castro.
      Ancestry[edit][show]
      Ancestors of Alfonso VII of León and Castile

      Notes[edit]
      Jump up ^ Fletcher 1984: 133.
      Jump up ^ Fletcher 1984: 133
      Jump up ^ Stroll, Mary, Calixtus 2, 1119–1124, (BRILL, 2004), 239.
      Jump up ^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead,
      (Taylor & Francis, 2003) 60.
      Jump up ^ Reilly, Bernard F., The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157,
      (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 309.
      Jump up ^ Riley-Smith (1990) p.48.
      Jump up ^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 60.
      Jump up ^ Barton, Simon, The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile, (Cambridge
      University Press, 1997), 286.
      Jump up ^ Reilly, 114.
      Jump up ^ Reilly, 143.
      References[edit]
      Barton, Simon, The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
      Fletcher, R.A. (1984). Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198225812.
      Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, Taylor & Francis, 2003.
      Reilly, Bernard F., The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
      Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1990). Atlas of the Crusades. New York: Facts on File.
      Stroll, Mary, Calixtus 2, 1119–1124, BRILL, 2004.
      External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfonso VII of León and Castile.

      Arnaldo, Bishop of Astorga, wrote an account of Alfonso VII's life and reign known as the Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris.Alfonso VII of León and Castile
      House of Burgundy
      Born: 1 March 1105 Died: 21 August 1157
      Regnal titles
      Preceded by
      Urraca King of Galicia
      (together with Urraca, and her heir) 1111–1126
      regnant 1126–1157 Succeeded by
      Ferdinand II
      King of León
      1126–1157
      King of Castile
      1127–1157 Succeeded by
      Sancho III
      Emperor of All the Spains
      1116–1157
      with Urraca 1116–1126
      formal coronation 1135 Title ceased to exist